Kisah Para Rasul 16:10-17
Konteks16:10 After Paul 1 saw the vision, we attempted 2 immediately to go over to Macedonia, 3 concluding that God had called 4 us to proclaim the good news to them.
16:11 We put out to sea 5 from Troas 6 and sailed a straight course 7 to Samothrace, 8 the next day to Neapolis, 9 16:12 and from there to Philippi, 10 which is a leading city of that district 11 of Macedonia, 12 a Roman colony. 13 We stayed in this city for some days. 16:13 On the Sabbath day we went outside the city gate to the side of the river, where we thought there would be a place of prayer, and we sat down 14 and began to speak 15 to the women 16 who had assembled there. 17 16:14 A 18 woman named Lydia, a dealer in purple cloth 19 from the city of Thyatira, 20 a God-fearing woman, listened to us. 21 The Lord opened her heart to respond 22 to what Paul was saying. 16:15 After she and her household were baptized, she urged us, 23 “If 24 you consider me to be a believer in the Lord, 25 come and stay in my house.” And she persuaded 26 us.
16:16 Now 27 as we were going to the place of prayer, a slave girl met us who had a spirit that enabled her to foretell the future by supernatural means. 28 She 29 brought her owners 30 a great profit by fortune-telling. 31 16:17 She followed behind Paul and us and kept crying out, 32 “These men are servants 33 of the Most High God, who are proclaiming to you the way 34 of salvation.” 35
Kisah Para Rasul 20:5
Konteks20:5 These had gone on ahead 36 and were waiting for us in Troas. 37
Kisah Para Rasul 21:18
Konteks21:18 The next day Paul went in with us to see James, and all the elders were there. 38
Kisah Para Rasul 27:1--28:16
Konteks27:1 When it was decided we 39 would sail to Italy, 40 they handed over Paul and some other prisoners to a centurion 41 of the Augustan Cohort 42 named Julius. 27:2 We went on board 43 a ship from Adramyttium 44 that was about to sail to various ports 45 along the coast of the province of Asia 46 and put out to sea, 47 accompanied by Aristarchus, a Macedonian 48 from Thessalonica. 49 27:3 The next day we put in 50 at Sidon, 51 and Julius, treating Paul kindly, 52 allowed him to go to his friends so they could provide him with what he needed. 53 27:4 From there we put out to sea 54 and sailed under the lee 55 of Cyprus because the winds were against us. 27:5 After we had sailed across the open sea 56 off Cilicia and Pamphylia, 57 we put in 58 at Myra 59 in Lycia. 60 27:6 There the centurion 61 found 62 a ship from Alexandria 63 sailing for Italy, and he put us aboard it. 27:7 We sailed slowly 64 for many days and arrived with difficulty off Cnidus. 65 Because the wind prevented us from going any farther, 66 we sailed under the lee 67 of Crete off Salmone. 68 27:8 With difficulty we sailed along the coast 69 of Crete 70 and came to a place called Fair Havens that was near the town of Lasea. 71
27:9 Since considerable time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous 72 because the fast 73 was already over, 74 Paul advised them, 75 27:10 “Men, I can see the voyage is going to end 76 in disaster 77 and great loss not only of the cargo and the ship, but also of our lives.” 78 27:11 But the centurion 79 was more convinced 80 by the captain 81 and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said. 82 27:12 Because the harbor was not suitable to spend the winter in, the majority decided 83 to put out to sea 84 from there. They hoped that 85 somehow they could reach 86 Phoenix, 87 a harbor of Crete facing 88 southwest and northwest, and spend the winter there. 27:13 When a gentle south wind sprang up, they thought 89 they could carry out 90 their purpose, so they weighed anchor 91 and sailed close along the coast 92 of Crete. 27:14 Not long after this, a hurricane-force 93 wind called the northeaster 94 blew down from the island. 95 27:15 When the ship was caught in it 96 and could not head into 97 the wind, we gave way to it and were driven 98 along. 27:16 As we ran under the lee of 99 a small island called Cauda, 100 we were able with difficulty to get the ship’s boat 101 under control. 27:17 After the crew 102 had hoisted it aboard, 103 they used supports 104 to undergird the ship. Fearing they would run aground 105 on the Syrtis, 106 they lowered the sea anchor, 107 thus letting themselves be driven along. 27:18 The next day, because we were violently battered by the storm, 108 they began throwing the cargo overboard, 109 27:19 and on the third day they threw the ship’s gear 110 overboard with their own hands. 27:20 When neither sun nor stars appeared for many days and a violent 111 storm continued to batter us, 112 we finally abandoned all hope of being saved. 113
27:21 Since many of them had no desire to eat, 114 Paul 115 stood up 116 among them and said, “Men, you should have listened to me 117 and not put out to sea 118 from Crete, thus avoiding 119 this damage and loss. 27:22 And now I advise 120 you to keep up your courage, for there will be no loss of life among you, but only the ship will be lost. 121 27:23 For last night an angel of the God to whom I belong 122 and whom I serve 123 came to me 124 27:24 and said, 125 ‘Do not be afraid, Paul! You must stand before 126 Caesar, 127 and God has graciously granted you the safety 128 of all who are sailing with you.’ 27:25 Therefore keep up your courage, men, for I have faith in God 129 that it will be just as I have been told. 27:26 But we must 130 run aground on some island.”
27:27 When the fourteenth night had come, while we were being driven 131 across the Adriatic Sea, 132 about midnight the sailors suspected they were approaching some land. 133 27:28 They took soundings 134 and found the water was twenty fathoms 135 deep; when they had sailed a little farther 136 they took soundings again and found it was fifteen fathoms 137 deep. 27:29 Because they were afraid 138 that we would run aground on the rocky coast, 139 they threw out 140 four anchors from the stern and wished 141 for day to appear. 142 27:30 Then when the sailors tried to escape from the ship and were lowering the ship’s boat into the sea, pretending 143 that they were going to put out anchors from the bow, 27:31 Paul said to the centurion 144 and the soldiers, “Unless these men stay with the ship, you 145 cannot be saved.” 27:32 Then the soldiers cut the ropes 146 of the ship’s boat and let it drift away. 147
27:33 As day was about to dawn, 148 Paul urged them all to take some food, saying, “Today is the fourteenth day you have been in suspense 149 and have gone 150 without food; you have eaten nothing. 151 27:34 Therefore I urge you to take some food, for this is important 152 for your survival. 153 For not one of you will lose a hair from his head.” 27:35 After he said this, Paul 154 took bread 155 and gave thanks to God in front of them all, 156 broke 157 it, and began to eat. 27:36 So all of them were encouraged and took food themselves. 27:37 (We were in all two hundred seventy-six 158 persons on the ship.) 159 27:38 When they had eaten enough to be satisfied, 160 they lightened the ship by throwing the wheat 161 into the sea.
27:39 When day came, they did not recognize the land, but they noticed 162 a bay 163 with a beach, 164 where they decided to run the ship aground if they could. 27:40 So they slipped 165 the anchors 166 and left them in the sea, at the same time loosening the linkage 167 that bound the steering oars 168 together. Then they hoisted 169 the foresail 170 to the wind and steered toward 171 the beach. 27:41 But they encountered a patch of crosscurrents 172 and ran the ship aground; the bow stuck fast and could not be moved, but the stern was being broken up by the force 173 of the waves. 27:42 Now the soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners 174 so that none of them would escape by swimming away. 175 27:43 But the centurion, 176 wanting to save Paul’s life, 177 prevented them from carrying out their plan. He ordered those who could swim to jump overboard first and get to land, 178 27:44 and the rest were to follow, 179 some on planks 180 and some on pieces of the ship. 181 And in this way 182 all were brought safely to land.
28:1 After we had safely reached shore, 183 we learned that the island was called Malta. 184 28:2 The local inhabitants 185 showed us extraordinary 186 kindness, for they built a fire and welcomed us all because it had started to rain 187 and was cold. 28:3 When Paul had gathered a bundle of brushwood 188 and was putting it on the fire, a viper came out because of the heat and fastened itself on his hand. 28:4 When the local people 189 saw the creature hanging from Paul’s 190 hand, they said to one another, “No doubt this man is a murderer! Although he has escaped from the sea, Justice herself 191 has not allowed him to live!” 192 28:5 However, 193 Paul 194 shook 195 the creature off into the fire and suffered no harm. 28:6 But they were expecting that he was going to swell up 196 or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited 197 a long time and had seen 198 nothing unusual happen 199 to him, they changed their minds 200 and said he was a god. 201
28:7 Now in the region around that place 202 were fields belonging to the chief official 203 of the island, named Publius, who welcomed us and entertained us hospitably as guests for three days. 28:8 The father 204 of Publius lay sick in bed, suffering from fever and dysentery. Paul went in to see him 205 and after praying, placed 206 his hands on him and healed 207 him. 28:9 After this had happened, many of the people on the island who were sick 208 also came and were healed. 209 28:10 They also bestowed many honors, 210 and when we were preparing to sail, 211 they gave 212 us all the supplies we needed. 213
28:11 After three months we put out to sea 214 in an Alexandrian ship that had wintered at the island and had the “Heavenly Twins” 215 as its figurehead. 216 28:12 We put in 217 at Syracuse 218 and stayed there three days. 28:13 From there we cast off 219 and arrived at Rhegium, 220 and after one day a south wind sprang up 221 and on the second day we came to Puteoli. 222 28:14 There 223 we found 224 some brothers 225 and were invited to stay with them seven days. And in this way we came to Rome. 226 28:15 The brothers from there, 227 when they heard about us, came as far as the Forum of Appius 228 and Three Taverns 229 to meet us. When he saw them, 230 Paul thanked God and took courage. 28:16 When we entered Rome, Paul was allowed to live 231 by himself, with the soldier who was guarding him.
[16:10] 1 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[16:10] 3 sn Macedonia was the Roman province of Macedonia in Greece.
[16:11] 5 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[16:11] 6 sn Troas was a port city (and surrounding region) on the northwest coast of Asia Minor. See v. 8.
[16:11] 7 tn BDAG 406 s.v. εὐθυδρομέω has “of a ship run a straight course” here; L&N 54.3 has “to sail a straight course, sail straight to.”
[16:11] 8 sn Samothrace is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea.
[16:11] 9 sn Neapolis was a seaport on the southern coast of Macedonia. It was 10 mi (16 km) from Philippi.
[16:12] 10 map For location see JP1 C1; JP2 C1; JP3 C1; JP4 C1.
[16:12] 11 tc ‡ Or perhaps, “a city in the first district” (there are a number of textual variants). L&N 1.85 follow the text of UBS4 and NA27 here: “In Ac 16:12…the Greek New Testament published by the United Bible Societies has adopted a conjectural emendation, since the more traditional text, πρώτη τῆς μερίδος, literally ‘first of the district,’ is not only misleading in meaning but does not reflect the historical fact that Philippi was a city in one of the four districts of Macedonia but was not a capital city.” The original text is probably πρώτη τῆς μερίδος (prwth th" merido", “first of that district”) as found in Ì74 א A C Ψ 33vid 36 81 323 945 1175 1891 pc. This has traditionally been translated to give the impression that Philippi was the capital city of the district, but it does not necessarily have to be translated this way. The translation of the article before μερίδος as “that” acknowledges that there were other districts in the province of Macedonia.
[16:12] 12 sn Macedonia was the Roman province of Macedonia in Greece.
[16:12] 13 sn A Roman colony was a city whose residents were regarded as Roman citizens, since such cities were originally colonized by citizens of Rome. From Troas to Philippi was 130 mi (208 km).
[16:13] 14 tn Grk “and sitting down we began to speak.” The participle καθίσαντες (kaqisante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[16:13] 15 tn The imperfect verb ἐλαλοῦμεν (elaloumen) has been translated as an ingressive imperfect.
[16:13] 16 sn To the women. Apparently there were not enough Jews present in Philippi to have a synagogue (ten men would have been required to have one).
[16:13] 17 tn The word “there” is not in the Greek text, but is implied.
[16:14] 18 tn Grk “And a.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
[16:14] 19 tn On the term translated “a dealer in purple cloth” see BDAG 855 s.v. πορφυρόπωλις.
[16:14] 20 sn Thyatira was a city in the province of Lydia in Asia Minor.
[16:14] 21 tn The words “to us” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. Direct objects in Greek were often omitted when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
[16:14] 22 tn Although BDAG 880 s.v. προσέχω 2.b gives the meaning “pay attention to” here, this could be misunderstood by the modern English reader to mean merely listening intently. The following context, however, indicates that Lydia responded positively to Paul’s message, so the verb here was translated “to respond.”
[16:14] sn Lydia is one of several significant women in Acts (see 17:4, 12, 34; 18:20).
[16:15] 23 tn Grk “urged us, saying.” The participle λέγουσα (legousa) is redundant in English and has not been translated.
[16:15] 24 tn This is a first class condition in Greek, with the statement presented as real or true for the sake of the argument.
[16:15] 25 tn Or “faithful to the Lord.” BDAG 821 s.v. πίστος 2 states concerning this verse, “Of one who confesses the Christian faith believing or a believer in the Lord, in Christ, in God πιστ. τῷ κυρίῳ Ac 16:15.” L&N 11.17 has “one who is included among the faithful followers of Christ – ‘believer, Christian, follower.’”
[16:15] 26 tn Although BDAG 759 s.v. παραβιάζομαι has “urge strongly, prevail upon,” in contemporary English “persuade” is a more frequently used synonym for “prevail upon.”
[16:16] 27 tn Grk “Now it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
[16:16] 28 tn Or “who had a spirit of divination”; Grk “who had a spirit of Python.” According to BDAG 896-97 s.v. πύθων, originally Πύθων (Puqwn) was the name of the serpent or dragon that guarded the Delphic oracle. According to Greek mythology, it lived at the foot of Mount Parnassus and was killed by Apollo. From this, the word came to designate a person who was thought to have a spirit of divination. Pagan generals, for example, might consult someone like this. So her presence here suggests a supernatural encounter involving Paul and her “spirit.” W. Foerster, TDNT 6:920, connects the term with ventriloquism but states: “We must assume, however, that for this girl, as for those mentioned by Origen…, the art of ventriloquism was inseparably connected with a (supposed or authentic) gift of soothsaying.” It should also be noted that if the girl in question here were only a ventriloquist, the exorcism performed by Paul in v. 18 would not have been effective.
[16:16] 29 tn Grk “who.” Because of the awkwardness in English of having two relative clauses follow one another (“who had a spirit…who brought her owners a great profit”) the relative pronoun here (“who”) has been translated as a pronoun (“she”) and a new sentence begun in the translation.
[16:16] 31 tn On this term see BDAG 616 s.v. μαντεύομαι. It was used of those who gave oracles.
[16:17] 32 tn Grk “crying out, saying”; the participle λέγουσα (legousa) is redundant in English and has not been translated. The imperfect verb ἔκραζεν (ekrazen) has been translated as a progressive imperfect.
[16:17] 33 tn Grk “slaves.” See the note on the word “servants” in 2:18. The translation “servants” was used here because in this context there appears to be more emphasis on the activity of Paul and his companions (“proclaiming to you the way of salvation”) than on their status as “slaves of the Most High God.”
[16:17] 34 tn Or “a way.” The grammar of this phrase is a bit ambiguous. The phrase in Greek is ὁδὸν σωτηρίας (Jodon swthria"). Neither the head noun nor the genitive noun has the article; this is in keeping with Apollonius’ Canon (see ExSyn 239-40). Since both nouns are anarthrous, this construction also fits Apollonius’ Corollary (see ExSyn 250-54); since the genitive noun is abstract it is most naturally qualitative, so the head noun could either be definite or indefinite without being unusual as far as the grammar is concerned. Luke’s usage of ὁδός elsewhere is indecisive as far as this passage is concerned. However, when one looks at the historical background it is clear that (1) the woman is shut up (via exorcism) not because her testimony is false but because of its source (analogous to Jesus’ treatment of demons perhaps), and (b) “the way” is a par excellence description of the new faith throughout Acts. It thus seems that at least in Luke’s presentation “the way of salvation” is the preferred translation.
[16:17] 35 sn Proclaiming to you the way of salvation. The remarks were an ironic recognition of Paul’s authority, but he did not desire such a witness, possibly for fear of confusion. Her expression the Most High God might have been understood as Zeus by the audience.
[20:5] 36 tn Grk “These, having gone on ahead, were waiting.” The participle προελθόντες (proelqonte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[20:5] 37 sn Troas was a port city (and surrounding region) on the northwest coast of Asia Minor.
[21:18] 38 tn BDAG 760 s.v. παραγίνομαι 1 has this use under the broad category of meaning “draw near, come, arrive, be present.”
[21:18] sn All the elders were there. This meeting shows how the Jerusalem church still regarded Paul and his mission with favor, but also with some concerns because of the rumors circulating about his actions.
[27:1] 39 sn The last “we” section in Acts begins here and extends to 28:16 (the previous one ended at 21:18).
[27:1] 40 sn Sail to Italy. This voyage with its difficulty serves to show how God protected Paul on his long journey to Rome. From the perspective of someone in Palestine, this may well picture “the end of the earth” quite literally (cf. Acts 1:8).
[27:1] 41 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:1] 42 tn According to BDAG 917 s.v. σεβαστός, “In σπεῖρα Σεβαστή 27:1 (cp. OGI 421) Σεβαστή is likew. an exact transl. of Lat. Augusta, an honorary title freq. given to auxiliary troops (Ptolem. renders it Σεβαστή in connection w. three legions that bore it: 2, 3, 30; 2, 9, 18; 4, 3, 30) imperial cohort.” According to W. Foerster (TDNT 7:175), “In Ac. 27:1 the σπεῖρα Σεβαστή is an expression also found elsewhere for ‘auxiliary troops.’” In no case would this refer to a special imperial bodyguard, and to translate “imperial regiment” or “imperial cohort” might give this impression. There is some archaeological evidence for a Cohors Augusta I stationed in Syria during the time of Augustus, but whether this is the same unit is very debatable.
[27:1] sn The Augustan Cohort. A cohort was a Roman military unit of about 600 soldiers, one-tenth of a legion. There is considerable debate over the identification of this particular cohort and the meaning of the title Augustan mentioned here. These may well have been auxiliary (provincial) troops given the honorary title.
[27:2] 43 tn Grk “Going on board.” The participle ἐπιβάντες (epibante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:2] 44 sn Adramyttium was a seaport in Mysia on the western coast of Asia Minor.
[27:2] 46 tn Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does not refer to the continent of Asia.
[27:2] 47 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:2] sn Although not explicitly stated, the ship put out to sea from the port of Caesarea (where the previous events had taken place (cf. 25:13) and then sailed along the Asiatic coast (the first stop was Sidon, v. 3).
[27:2] 48 sn A Macedonian. The city of Thessalonica (modern Salonica) was in the Roman province of Macedonia in Greece.
[27:2] 49 map For location see JP1 C1; JP2 C1; JP3 C1; JP4 C1.
[27:3] 50 tn BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Σιδῶνα Ac 27:3.”
[27:3] 51 sn Sidon is another seaport 75 mi (120 km) north of Caesarea.
[27:3] map For location see Map1 A1; JP3 F3; JP4 F3.
[27:3] 52 tn BDAG 1056 s.v. φιλανθρώπως states, “benevolently, kindly φιλανθρώπως χρῆσθαί (τινι) treat someone in kindly fashion…Ac 27:3.”
[27:3] sn Treating Paul kindly. Paul’s treatment followed the pattern of the earlier imprisonment (cf. Acts 24:23).
[27:3] 53 tn Grk “to go to his friends to be cared for.” The scene is an indication of Christian hospitality.
[27:4] 54 tn Grk “putting out to sea.” The participle ἀναχθέντες (anacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4 states, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:4] 55 tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.” Thus they were east and north of the island.
[27:5] 56 tn Grk “the depths,” the deep area of a sea far enough from land that it is not protected by the coast (L&N 1.73).
[27:5] 57 sn Pamphylia was a province in the southern part of Asia Minor; it was west of Cilicia (see BDAG 753 s.v. Παμφυλία).
[27:5] 58 tn BDAG 531 s.v. κατέρχομαι 2 states, “Of ships and those who sail in them, who ‘come down’ fr. the ‘high seas’: arrive, put in…ἔις τι at someth. a harbor 18:22; 21:3; 27:5.”
[27:5] 59 sn Myra was a city on the southern coast of Lycia in Asia Minor. This journey from Sidon (v. 3) was 440 mi (700 km) and took about 15 days.
[27:5] 60 sn Lycia was the name of a peninsula on the southern coast of Asia Minor between Caria and Pamphylia.
[27:6] 61 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:6] 62 tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρών (Jeurwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:6] 63 sn Alexandria (modern Alexandria) was a great city of northern Egypt which was a center for grain trade to Rome. Therefore this type of travel connection was common at the time. For a winter journey (considered hazardous) there were special bonuses and insurance provided (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18.1-2).
[27:7] 64 tn The participle βραδυπλοοῦντες (braduploounte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:7] 65 sn Cnidus was the name of a peninsula on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor. This was about 130 mi (210 km) from Myra.
[27:7] 66 tn This genitive absolute construction with προσεῶντος (prosewnto") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. L&N 13.139 translates the phrase μὴ προσεῶντος ἡμᾶς τοῦ ἀνέμου (mh prosewnto" Jhma" tou anemou) as “the wind would not let us go any farther.”
[27:7] 67 tn BDAG 1040 s.v. ὑποπλέω states, “sail under the lee of an island, i.e. in such a way that the island protects the ship fr. the wind Ac 27:4, 7.”
[27:7] 68 sn Salmone was the name of a promontory on the northeastern corner of the island of Crete. This was about 100 mi (160 km) farther along.
[27:8] 69 tn Grk “sailing along the coast…we came.” The participle παραλεγόμενοι (paralegomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’ …‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.”
[27:8] 70 tn Grk “it”; the referent (Crete) has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
[27:8] 71 sn Lasea was a city on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 60 mi (96 km) farther.
[27:9] 72 tn Or “unsafe” (BDAG 383 s.v. ἐπισφαλής). The term is a NT hapax legomenon.
[27:9] 73 sn The fast refers to the Jewish Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur. It was now into October and the dangerous winter winds would soon occur (Suetonius, Life of Claudius 18; Josephus, J. W. 1.14.2-3 [1.279-281]).
[27:9] 74 tn The accusative articular infinitive παρεληλυθέναι (parelhluqenai) after the preposition διά (dia) is causal. BDAG 776 s.v. παρέρχομαι 2 has “διὰ τὸ τὴν νηστείαν ἤδη παρεληλυθέναι because the fast was already over Ac 27:9.”
[27:9] 75 tn Grk “Paul advised, saying to them.” The participle λέγων (legwn) is redundant in English and has not been translated. On the term translated “advised,” see BDAG 764 s.v. παραινέω, which usually refers to recommendations.
[27:9] sn Paul advised them. A literary theme surfaces here: Though Paul is under arrest, he will be the one to guide them all through the dangers of the storm and shipwreck, showing clearly God’s presence and protection of him. The story is told in great detail. This literary effect of slowing down the passage of time and narrating with many details serves to add a sense of drama to the events described.
[27:10] 76 tn Grk “is going to be with disaster.”
[27:10] 77 tn Or “hardship,” “damage.” BDAG 1022 s.v. ὕβρις 3 states, “fig. hardship, disaster, damage caused by the elements…w. ζημία Ac 27:10.”
[27:10] 78 tn Grk “souls” (here, one’s physical life).
[27:11] 79 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:11] 81 tn BDAG 456 s.v. κυβερνήτης 1 has “one who is responsible for the management of a ship, shipmaster…W. ναύκληρος, the ‘shipowner’…Ac 27:11” See further L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 316-18.
[27:11] 82 tn Grk “than by what was said by Paul.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation.
[27:11] sn More convinced by the captain and the ship’s owner than by what Paul said. The position taken by the centurion was logical, since he was following “professional” advice. But this was not a normal voyage.
[27:12] 83 tn BDAG 181-82 s.v. βουλή 2.a, “β. τίθεσθαι (Judg 19:30; Ps 12:3) decide 27:12 (w. inf. foll.).”
[27:12] 84 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:12] 85 tn Grk “from there, if somehow” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was begun here in the translation and the introductory phrase “They hoped that” supplied (with the subject, “they,” repeated from the previous clause) to make a complete English sentence.
[27:12] 86 tn Grk “if somehow, reaching Phoenix, they could…” The participle καταντήσαντες (katanthsante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:12] 87 sn Phoenix was a seaport on the southern coast of the island of Crete. This was about 30 mi (48 km) further west.
[27:12] 88 tn Or “a harbor of Crete open to the southwest and northwest.”
[27:13] 89 tn Grk “thinking.” The participle δόξαντες (doxante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:13] 90 tn Or “accomplish.” L&N 68.29, for κρατέω, has “to be able to complete or finish, presumably despite difficulties – ‘to accomplish, to do successfully, to carry out.’ …‘thinking that they could carry out their purpose’ Ac 27:13.”
[27:13] 92 tn L&N 54.8, “παραλέγομαι: (a technical, nautical term) to sail along beside some object – ‘to sail along the coast, to sail along the shore.’…‘they sailed along the coast of Crete’ Ac 27:13.” With the addition of the adverb ἆσσον (asson) this becomes “sailed close along the coast of Crete.”
[27:14] 93 tn Grk “a wind like a typhoon.” That is, a very violent wind like a typhoon or hurricane (BDAG 1021 s.v. τυφωνικός).
[27:14] 94 sn Or called Euraquilo (the actual name of the wind, a sailor’s term which was a combination of Greek and Latin). According to Strabo (Geography 1.2.21), this was a violent northern wind.
[27:14] 95 tn Grk “from it”; the referent (the island) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[27:15] 96 tn Or “was forced off course.” Grk “The ship being caught in it.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle συναρπασθέντος (sunarpasqento") has been taken temporally; it could also be translated as causal (“Because the ship was caught in it”).
[27:15] 97 tn BDAG 91 s.v. ἀντοφθαλμέω states, “Metaph. of a ship τοῦ πλοίου μὴ δυναμένοι ἀ. τῷ ἀνέμῳ since the ship was not able to face the wind, i.e. with its bow headed against the forces of the waves Ac 27:15.”
[27:15] 98 sn Caught in the violent wind, the ship was driven along. They were now out of control, at the mercy of the wind and sea.
[27:16] 99 tn BDAG 1042 s.v. ὑποτρέχω states, “run or sail under the lee of, nautical t.t.…Ac 27:16.” The participle ὑποδραμόντες (Jupodramonte") has been taken temporally (“as we ran under the lee of”). While this could also be translated as a participle of means (“by running…”) this might suggest the ship was still under a greater degree of control by its crew than it probably was.
[27:16] 100 sn Cauda. This island was located south of Crete, about 23 mi (36 km) from where they began. There are various ways to spell the island’s name (e.g., Clauda, BDAG 546 s.v. Κλαῦδα).
[27:16] 101 sn The ship’s boat was a small rowboat, normally towed behind a ship in good weather rather than stowed on board. It was used for landings, to maneuver the ship for tacking, and to lay anchors (not a lifeboat in the modern sense, although it could have served as a means of escape for some of the sailors; see v. 30). See L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 248f.
[27:17] 102 tn Grk “After hoisting it up, they…”; the referent (the ship’s crew) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[27:17] 103 tn The participle ἄραντες (arantes) has been taken temporally.
[27:17] 104 tn Possibly “ropes” or “cables”; Grk “helps” (a word of uncertain meaning; probably a nautical technical term, BDAG 180 s.v. βοήθεια 2).
[27:17] 105 tn BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 2 states, “drift off course, run aground, nautical term εἴς τι on someth….on the Syrtis 27:17.”
[27:17] 106 tn That is, on the sandbars and shallows of the Syrtis.
[27:17] sn On the Syrtis. The Syrtis was the name of two gulfs on the North African coast (modern Libya), feared greatly by sailors because of their shifting sandbars and treacherous shallows. The Syrtis here is the so-called Great Syrtis, toward Cyrenaica. It had a horrible reputation as a sailors’ graveyard (Pliny, Natural History 5.26). Josephus (J. W. 2.16.4 [2.381]) says the name alone struck terror in those who heard it. It was near the famous Scylla and Charybdis mentioned in Homer’s Odyssey.
[27:17] 107 tn Or perhaps “mainsail.” The meaning of this word is uncertain. BDAG 927 s.v. σκεῦος 1 has “τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving anchor” while C. Maurer (TDNT 7:362) notes, “The meaning in Ac. 27:17: χαλάσαντες τὸ σκεῦος, is uncertain. Prob. the ref. is not so much to taking down the sails as to throwing the draganchor overboard to lessen the speed of the ship.” In spite of this L&N 6.1 states, “In Ac 27:17, for example, the reference of σκεῦος is generally understood to be the mainsail.” A reference to the sail is highly unlikely because in a storm of the force described in Ac 27:14, the sail would have been taken down and reefed immediately, to prevent its being ripped to shreds or torn away by the gale.
[27:18] 108 tn BDAG 980 s.v. σφόδρῶς states, “very much, greatly, violently…σφ. χειμάζεσθαι be violently beaten by a storm Ac 27:18.”
[27:18] 109 tn Or “jettisoning [the cargo]” (a nautical technical term). The words “the cargo” are not in the Greek text but are implied. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek when clear from the context, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.
[27:18] sn The desperation of the sailors in throwing the cargo overboard is reminiscent of Jonah 1:5. At this point they were only concerned with saving themselves.
[27:19] 110 tn Or “rigging,” “tackle”; Grk “the ship’s things.” Here the more abstract “gear” is preferred to “rigging” or “tackle” as a translation for σκεῦος (skeuos) because in v. 40 the sailors are still able to raise the (fore)sail, which they could not have done if the ship’s rigging or tackle had been jettisoned here.
[27:20] 111 tn Grk “no small storm” = a very great storm.
[27:20] 112 tn Grk “no small storm pressing on us.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπικειμένου (epikeimenou) has been translated as parallel to the previous genitive absolute construction (which was translated as temporal). BDAG 373 s.v. ἐπίκειμαι 2.b states, “of impersonal force confront χειμῶνος ἐπικειμένου since a storm lay upon us Ac 27:20.” L&N 14.2, “‘the stormy weather did not abate in the least’ or ‘the violent storm continued’ Ac 27:20.” To this last was added the idea of “battering” from the notion of “pressing upon” inherent in ἐπίκειμαι (epikeimai).
[27:20] 113 tn Grk “finally all hope that we would be saved was abandoned.” The passive construction has been converted to an active one to simplify the translation. This represents a clearly secular use of the term σῴζω (swzw) in that it refers to deliverance from the storm. At this point those on board the ship gave up hope of survival.
[27:21] 114 tn Or “Since they had no desire to eat for a long time.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ὑπαρχούσης (Juparcoush") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle. It could also be translated temporally (“When many of them had no desire to eat”). The translation of πολλῆς (pollhs) as a substantized adjective referring to the people on board the ship (“many of them”) rather than a period of time (“for a long time”; so most modern versions) follows BDAG 143 s.v. ἀσιτία, which has “πολλῆς ἀ. ὑπαρχούσης since almost nobody wanted to eat because of anxiety or seasickness…Ac 27:21.” This detail indicates how turbulent things were on board the ship.
[27:21] 115 tn Here τότε (tote) is redundant (pleonastic) according to BDAG 1012-13 s.v. τότε 2; thus it has not been translated.
[27:21] 116 tn Grk “standing up…said.” The participle σταθείς (staqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:21] 117 tn L&N 36.12 has “πειθαρχήσαντάς μοι μὴ ἀνάγεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς Κρήτης ‘you should have listened to me and not have sailed from Crete’ Ac 27:21.”
[27:21] sn By saying “you should have listened to me and not put out to sea from Crete” Paul was not “rubbing it in,” but was reasserting his credibility before giving his next recommendation.
[27:21] 118 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[27:21] 119 tn The infinitive κερδῆσαι (kerdhsai) has been translated as resultative.
[27:22] 120 tn The same verb is used for Paul’s original recommendation in Ac 27:9.
[27:22] 121 tn Grk “except the ship.” Here “but” is used to translate the improper preposition πλήν (plhn; see BDAG 826 s.v. πλήν 2) since an exception like this, where two different categories of objects are involved (people and a ship), is more naturally expressed in contemporary English with an adversative (“but”). The words “will be lost” are also supplied for clarity.
[27:22] sn The “prophecy” about the ship serves to underscore Paul’s credibility as an agent of God. Paul addressed his audience carefully and drew attention to the sovereign knowledge of God.
[27:23] 122 tn Grk “of whom I am.” The relative clause with its possessive was translated following L&N 15.86 s.v. παρίσταμαι.
[27:23] 124 tn Or “stood by me.” BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “approach, come τινί (to) someone…Ac 9:39; 27:23.”
[27:24] 125 tn Grk “came to me saying.” The participle λέγων (legwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:24] 126 tn BDAG 778 s.v. παρίστημι/παριστάνω 2.a.α states, “Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before…Καίσαρι σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must stand before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24.” See Acts 23:11. Luke uses the verb δεῖ (dei) to describe what must occur.
[27:24] 127 tn Or “before the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
[27:24] 128 tn Grk “God has graciously granted you all who are sailing with you.” The words “the safety of” have been supplied to clarify the meaning of the verb κεχάρισται (kecaristai) in this context.
[27:24] sn The safety of all who are sailing with you. In a sense, Paul’s presence protects them all. For Luke, it serves as a picture of what the gospel does through Christ and through the one who brings the message.
[27:25] 129 tn BDAG 817 s.v. πιστεύω 1.c states, “w. pers. and thing added π. τινί τι believe someone with regard to someth….W. dat. of pers. and ὅτι foll…. πιστεύετέ μοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ πατρί J 14:11a. Cp. 4:21; Ac 27:25.”
[27:26] 130 tn This is another use of δεῖ (dei) to indicate necessity (see also v. 24). Acts 28:1 shows the fulfillment of this.
[27:27] 131 tn Here “being driven” has been used to translate διαφέρω (diaferw) rather than “drifting,” because it is clear from the attempt to drop anchors in v. 29 that the ship is still being driven by the gale. “Drifting” implies lack of control, but not necessarily rapid movement.
[27:27] 132 sn The Adriatic Sea. They were now somewhere between Crete and Malta.
[27:27] 133 tn Grk “suspected that some land was approaching them.” BDAG 876 s.v. προσάγω 2.a states, “lit. ὑπενόουν προσάγειν τινά αὐτοῖς χώραν they suspected that land was near (lit. ‘approaching them’) Ac 27:27.” Current English idiom would speak of the ship approaching land rather than land approaching the ship.
[27:28] 134 tn Grk “Heaving the lead, they found.” The participle βολίσαντες (bolisante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. See also BDAG 180 s.v. βολίζω. Although the term is used twice in this verse (and thus is technically not a NT hapax legomenon), it occurs nowhere else in the NT.
[27:28] 135 sn A fathom is about 6 feet or just under 2 meters (originally the length of a man’s outstretched arms). This was a nautical technical term for measuring the depth of water. Here it was about 120 ft (36 m).
[27:28] 136 tn L&N 15.12, “βραχὺ δὲ διαστήσαντες ‘when they had gone a little farther’ Ac 27:28.”
[27:28] 137 sn Here the depth was about 90 ft (27 m).
[27:29] 138 tn Grk “fearing.” The participle φοβούμενοι (foboumenoi) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
[27:29] 139 tn Grk “against a rough [rocky] place.” L&N 79.84 has “φοβούμενοί τε μή που κατὰ τραχεῖς τόποις ἐκπέσωμεν ‘we were afraid that we would run aground on the rocky coast’ Ac 27:29.”
[27:29] 140 tn Grk “throwing out…they.” The participle ῥίψαντες (rJiyante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:29] 141 tn BDAG 417 s.v. εὔχομαι 2 states, “wish…τὶ for someth.…Foll. by acc. and inf….Ac 27:29.” The other possible meaning for this term, “pray,” is given in BDAG 417 s.v. 1 and employed by a number of translations (NAB, NRSV, NIV). If this meaning is adopted here, then “prayed for day to come” must be understood metaphorically to mean “prayed that they would live to see the day,” or “prayed that it would soon be day.”
[27:29] 142 tn Grk “and wished for day to come about.”
[27:29] sn And wished for day to appear. The sailors were hoping to hold the ship in place until morning, when they could see what was happening and where they were.
[27:30] 143 tn BDAG 889 s.v. πρόφασις 2 states, “προφάσει ὡς under the pretext that, pretending that…Ac 27:30.” In other words, some of the sailors gave up hope that such efforts would work and instead attempted to escape while pretending to help.
[27:31] 144 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:31] 145 sn The pronoun you is plural in Greek.
[27:32] 146 sn The soldiers cut the ropes. The centurion and the soldiers were now following Paul’s advice by cutting the ropes to prevent the sailors from escaping.
[27:32] 147 tn Or “let it fall away.” According to BDAG 308 s.v. ἐκπίπτω 1 and 2 the meaning of the verb in this verse could be either “fall away” or “drift away.” Either meaning is acceptable, and the choice between them depends almost entirely on how one reconstructs the scene. Since cutting the boat loose would in any case result in it drifting away (whether capsized or not), the meaning “drift away” as a nautical technical term has been used here.
[27:33] 148 tn BDAG 160 s.v. ἄχρι 1.b.α has “ἄ. οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι until the day began to dawn 27:33.”
[27:33] 149 tn Or “have waited anxiously.” Grk “waiting anxiously.” The participle προσδοκῶντες (prosdokwnte") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:33] 150 tn Or “continued.”
[27:33] 151 tn Grk “having eaten nothing.” The participle προσλαβόμενοι (proslabomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb (with subject “you” supplied) due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:34] 152 tn Or “necessary.” BDAG 873-74 s.v. πρός 1 has “πρ. τῆς σωτηρίας in the interest of safety Ac 27:34”; L&N 27.18 has “‘therefore, I urge you to take some food, for this is important for your deliverance’ or ‘…for your survival’ Ac 27:34.”
[27:34] 153 tn Or “deliverance” (‘salvation’ in a nontheological sense).
[27:35] 154 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[27:35] 155 tn Grk “taking bread, gave thanks.” The participle λαβών (labwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:35] 156 tn Or “before them all,” but here this could be misunderstood to indicate a temporal sequence.
[27:35] 157 tn Grk “and breaking it, he began.” The participle κλάσας (klasas) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:37] 158 tc One early ms (B) and an early version (sa) read “about seventy-six.” For discussion of how this variant probably arose, see F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles, 465.
[27:37] 159 sn This is a parenthetical note by the author.
[27:38] 160 tn Or “When they had eaten their fill.”
[27:39] 162 tn Or “observed,” “saw.”
[27:39] 163 tn Or “gulf” (BDAG 557 s.v. κόλπος 3).
[27:39] 164 sn A beach would refer to a smooth sandy beach suitable for landing.
[27:40] 165 tn That is, released. Grk “slipping…leaving.” The participles περιελόντες (perielonte") and εἴων (eiwn) have been translated as finite verbs due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:40] 166 tn The term is used of a ship’s anchor. (BDAG 12 s.v. ἄγκυρα a).
[27:40] 167 tn Grk “bands”; possibly “ropes.”
[27:40] 169 tn Grk “hoisting…they.” The participle ἐπάραντες (eparante") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[27:40] 170 tn Grk “sail”; probably a reference to the foresail.
[27:40] 171 tn BDAG 533 s.v. κατέχω 7 states, “hold course, nautical t.t., intr….κατεῖχον εἰς τὸν αἰγιαλόν they headed for the beach Ac 27:40.”
[27:41] 172 tn Grk “fell upon a place of two seas.” The most common explanation for this term is that it refers to a reef or sandbar with the sea on both sides, as noted in BDAG 245 s.v. διθάλασσος: the “τόπος δ. Ac 27:41 is a semantic unit signifying a point (of land jutting out with water on both sides).” However, Greek had terms for a “sandbank” (θῖς [qis], ταινία [tainia]), a “reef” (ἑρμα [Jerma]), “strait” (στενόν [stenon]), “promontory” (ἀρωτήρον [arwthron]), and other nautical hazards, none of which are used by the author here. NEB here translates τόπον διθάλασσον (topon diqalasson) as “cross-currents,” a proposal close to that advanced by J. M. Gilchrist, “The Historicity of Paul’s Shipwreck,” JSNT 61 (1996): 29-51, who suggests the meaning is “a patch of cross-seas,” where the waves are set at an angle to the wind, a particular hazard for sailors. Thus the term most likely refers to some sort of adverse sea conditions rather than a topographical feature like a reef or sandbar.
[27:41] 173 tn Or “violence” (BDAG 175 s.v. βία a).
[27:42] 174 sn The soldiers’ plan was to kill the prisoners. The issue here was not cruelty, but that the soldiers would be legally responsible if any prisoners escaped and would suffer punishment themselves. So they were planning to do this as an act of self-preservation. See Acts 16:27 for a similar incident.
[27:42] 175 tn The participle ἐκκολυμβήσας (ekkolumbhsa") has been taken instrumentally.
[27:43] 176 sn See the note on the word centurion in 10:1.
[27:43] 177 tn Or “wanting to rescue Paul.”
[27:43] sn Thanks to the centurion who wanted to save Paul’s life, Paul was once more rescued from a potential human threat.
[27:43] 178 tn BDAG 347 s.v. I. ἔξειμι has “ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν get to land Ac 27:43.”
[27:44] 179 tn The words “were to follow” are not in the Greek text, but are implied. They must be supplied to clarify the sense in contemporary English.
[27:44] 180 tn Or “boards” according to BDAG 913 s.v. σανίς.
[27:44] 181 tn Grk “on pieces from the ship”; that is, pieces of wreckage from the ship.
[27:44] sn Both the planks and pieces of the ship were for the weak or nonswimmers. The whole scene is a historical metaphor representing how listening to Paul and his message could save people.
[27:44] 182 tn Grk “And in this way it happened that.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
[28:1] 183 tn Grk “We having been brought safely through” [to land] (same verb as 27:44). The word “shore” is implied, and the slight variations in translation from 27:44 have been made to avoid redundancy in English. The participle διασωθέντες (diaswqente") has been taken temporally.
[28:1] 184 sn Malta is an island (known by the same name today) in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily. The ship had traveled 625 mi (1,000 km) in the storm.
[28:1] map For location see JP4 A3.
[28:2] 185 tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”
[28:2] 186 tn BDAG 1019 s.v. τυγχάνω 2.d states, “δυνάμεις οὐ τὰς τυχούσας extraordinary miracles Ac 19:11. Cp. 28:2.”
[28:2] 187 tn Or “because it was about to rain.” BDAG 418 s.v. ἐφίστημι 4 states, “διὰ τ. ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα because it had begun to rain Ac 28:2…But the mng. here could also be because it threatened to rain (s. 6).”
[28:4] 189 tn Although this is literally βάρβαροι (barbaroi; “foreigners, barbarians”) used for non-Greek or non-Romans, as BDAG 166 s.v. βάρβαρος 2.b notes, “Of the inhabitants of Malta, who apparently spoke in their native language Ac 28:2, 4 (here β. certainly without derogatory tone…).”
[28:4] 190 tn Grk “his”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[28:4] 191 tn That is, the goddess Justice has not allowed him to live. BDAG 250 s.v. δίκη 2 states, “Justice personified as a deity Ac 28:4”; L&N 12.27, “a goddess who personifies justice in seeking out and punishing the guilty – ‘the goddess Justice.’ ἡ δίκη ζῆν οὐκ εἴασεν ‘the goddess Justice would not let him live’ Ac 28:4.” Although a number of modern English translations have rendered δίκη (dikh) “justice,” preferring to use an abstraction, in the original setting it is almost certainly a reference to a pagan deity. In the translation, the noun “justice” was capitalized and the reflexive pronoun “herself” was supplied to make the personification clear. This was considered preferable to supplying a word like ‘goddess’ in connection with δίκη.
[28:4] 192 sn The entire scene is played out initially as a kind of oracle from the gods resulting in the judgment of a guilty person (Justice herself has not allowed him to live). Paul’s survival of this incident without ill effects thus spoke volumes about his innocence.
[28:5] 193 tn BDAG 737 s.v. οὖν 4 indicates the particle has an adversative sense here: “but, however.”
[28:5] 194 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Paul) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
[28:5] 195 tn Grk “shaking the creature off…he suffered no harm.” The participle ἀποτινάξας (apotinaxa") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:6] 196 tn Or “going to burn with fever.” According to BDAG 814 s.v. πίμπρημι, either meaning (“swell up” or “burn with fever”) is possible for Acts 28:6.
[28:6] 197 tn The participle προσδοκώντων (prosdokwntwn) has been taken temporally.
[28:6] 198 tn The participle θεωρούντων (qewrountwn) has been taken temporally.
[28:6] 199 tn Grk “happening.” The participle γινόμενον (ginomenon) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:6] 200 tn Grk “changing their minds.” The participle μεταβαλόμενοι (metabalomenoi) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:6] 201 sn And said he was a god. The reaction is like Acts 14:11-19 where the crowd wanted to make Paul and Barnabas into gods. The providence of God had protected Paul again.
[28:7] 202 tn BDAG 798 s.v. περί 2.a.γ states, “of nearby places…τὰ περὶ τὸν τὸπον the region around the place Ac 28:7.” The presence of ἐκεῖνον (ekeinon) results in the translation “that place.”
[28:7] 203 tn That is, the chief Roman official. Several inscriptions have confirmed the use of πρῶτος (prwtos) as an administrative title used on the island of Malta for the highest Roman official. See further BDAG 852 s.v. Πόπλιος.
[28:8] 204 tn Grk “It happened that the father.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
[28:8] 205 tn Grk “to whom Paul going in.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by a personal pronoun (“him”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation. The participle εἰσελθών (eiselqwn) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:8] 206 tn The participle ἐπιθείς (epiqeis) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:8] 207 sn And healed him. Here are healings like Luke 9:40; 10:30; 13:13; Acts 16:23.
[28:9] 208 tn BDAG 142 s.v. ἀσθένεια 1 states, “ἔχειν ἀ. be ill Ac 28:9.”
[28:9] 209 sn Many…also came and were healed. Again, here is irony. Paul, though imprisoned, “frees” others of their diseases.
[28:10] 210 tn Or “they also honored us greatly”; Grk “they also honored us with many honors” (an idiom).
[28:10] 211 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.” In this case the simpler English “sail” is more appropriate. The English participle “preparing” has also been supplied, since the provisioning of the ship would take place some time before the actual departure.
[28:10] 212 tn BDAG 384 s.v. ἐπιτίθημι 1.b has “give τινί τι someth. to someone…ἀναγομένοις τὰ πρὸς τὰς χρείας when we sailed they gave us what we needed Ac 28:10.”
[28:10] 213 sn They gave us all the supplies we needed. What they had lost in the storm and shipwreck was now replaced. Luke describes these pagans very positively.
[28:11] 214 tn BDAG 62 s.v. ἀνάγω 4, “as a nautical t.t. (ἀ. τὴν ναῦν put a ship to sea), mid. or pass. ἀνάγεσθαι to begin to go by boat, put out to sea.”
[28:11] 215 tn Or “the ‘Twin Gods’”; Grk “the Dioscuri” (a joint name for the pagan deities Castor and Pollux).
[28:11] sn That had the ‘Heavenly Twins’ as its figurehead. The twin brothers Castor and Pollux, known collectively as the Dioscuri or ‘Heavenly Twins,’ were the twin sons of Zeus and Leda according to Greek mythology. The Alexandrian ship on which Paul and his companions sailed from Malta had a carved emblem or figurehead of these figures, and they would have been the patron deities of the vessel. Castor and Pollux were the “gods of navigation.” To see their stars was considered a good omen (Epictetus, Discourses 2.18.29; Lucian of Samosata, The Ship 9).
[28:11] 216 tn Or “as its emblem.”
[28:12] 217 tn Grk “And putting in.” The participle καταχθέντες (katacqente") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style. On the meaning of the participle, BDAG 516 s.v. κατάγω states, “Hence the pass., in act. sense, of ships and seafarers put in εἴς τι at a harbor…εἰς Συρακούσας Ac 28:12.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.
[28:12] 218 sn Syracuse was a city on the eastern coast of the island of Sicily. It was 75 mi (120 km) from Malta.
[28:13] 219 tc A few early
[28:13] 220 sn Rhegium was a city on the southern tip of Italy. It was 80 mi (130 km) from Syracuse.
[28:13] 221 tn Grk “after one day, a south wind springing up, on the second day.” The genitive absolute construction with the participle ἐπιγενομένου (epigenomenou) has been translated as a clause with a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:13] 222 sn Puteoli was a city on the western coast of Italy south of Rome. It was in the Bay of Naples some 220 mi (350 km) to the north of Rhegium. Here the voyage ended; the rest of the journey was by land.
[28:14] 223 tn Grk “where.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“where”) has been replaced with the demonstrative pronoun (“there”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.
[28:14] 224 tn Grk “finding.” The participle εὑρόντες (Jeurontes) has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.
[28:14] 225 sn That is, some fellow Christians.
[28:14] 226 map For location see JP4 A1.
[28:15] 227 sn Mention of Christian brothers from there (Rome) shows that God’s message had already spread as far as Italy and the capital of the empire.
[28:15] 228 sn The Forum of Appius was a small traveler’s stop on the Appian Way about 43 mi (71 km) south of Rome (BDAG 125 s.v. ᾿Αππίου φόρον). It was described by Horace as “crammed with boatmen and stingy tavernkeepers” (Satires 1.5.3).
[28:15] 229 sn Three Taverns was a stop on the Appian Way 33 mi (55 km) south of Rome.
[28:15] 230 tn Grk “whom, when he saw [them], Paul.” Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, the relative pronoun (“whom”) was replaced by the personal pronoun (“them”) and a new sentence begun here in the translation.
[28:16] sn Allowed to live by himself. Paul continued to have a generous prison arrangement (cf. Acts 27:3).
